NEXT tops our analysis of Oregon business insurance providers because of its strong customer service and comprehensive coverage. The Hartford and Simply Business are also reliable options for small business owners across the state.
Business Insurance in Oregon
NEXT tops our Oregon business insurance rankings with a MoneyGeek score of 4.62 out of 5.
Find affordable coverage that protects your small business in Oregon below.

Updated: October 30, 2025
Advertising & Editorial Disclosure
Small business owners can get the best business insurance in Oregon from NEXT, The Hartford and Simply Business.
The best business insurance in Oregon depends on your industry risks, employee count and preferred coverage limits.
To find the best coverage, assess your risks, compare multiple quotes, research provider service quality and maximize available discounts.
Best Business Insurance Companies in Oregon
| NEXT | 4.62 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
| The Hartford | 4.61 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Simply Business | 4.49 | 4 | 5 | 1 |
| Nationwide | 4.47 | 6 | 2 | 4 |
| Coverdash | 4.41 | 5 | 6 | 2 |
| biBERK | 4.38 | 8 | 2 | 5 |
| Progressive Commercial | 4.32 | 3 | 7 | 5 |
| Thimble | 4.30 | 2 | 8 | 5 |
| Hiscox | 4.26 | 7 | 4 | 6 |
| Chubb | 4.26 | 9 | 3 | 4 |
How Did We Determine These Rates?
These rates are for small businesses with two employees across 79 major industries or business types and focus on four coverage types: general liability, professional liability/E&O, workers' comp and business owner's policy. Survey results reflect limited sample data and may not represent all available rates in your area.
Best by Coverage Type
The Hartford leads Oregon's market with the best general liability coverage and business owner's policies (BOP). NEXT provides superior professional liability insurance and workers' compensation coverage.
| Business Owners Policy | The Hartford | 4.61 |
| General Liability | The Hartford | 4.62 |
| Professional Liability (E&O) | NEXT | 4.75 |
| Workers Compensation | NEXT | 4.59 |
How Did We Determine These Rates?
These rates are for small businesses with two employees across 79 major industries or business types and focus on four coverage types: general liability, professional liability/E&O, workers' comp and business owner's policy. Survey results reflect limited sample data and may not represent all available rates in your area.
Best Oregon Small Business Insurance Reviews
Our research identified the top three business insurance providers in Oregon for small companies. Each insurer stands out with unique strengths that help owners find the right comprehensive coverage for their needs.

NEXT
Best Customer Experience
Average Monthly Cost of General Liability Insurance
$96This rate is for small businesses with two employees across 79 major industries or business types and focus solely on general liability policies.Average Monthly Cost of Workers' Comp Insurance
$64This rate is for small businesses with two employees across 79 major industries or business types and focus solely on workers' comp policies.Our Survey: Claims Process
3.9/5.0Ranked #4 nationallyOur Survey: Likely to Be Recommended to Others
4.8/5.0Ranked #1 nationally
- pros
Ranks #1 in Oregon for customer service with a highly responsive support team
Offers comprehensive coverage options for various business types
Digital-first platform provides quick and easy policy management
consRelatively new company with a lower stability ranking compared to established insurers
Limited physical presence may affect in-person support options
NEXT leads Oregon's small business insurance market with top rankings across multiple categories. The company offers instant quotes and same-day coverage through its online platform. With strong financial stability and over 600,000 customers nationwide, it has proven itself as a reliable choice for Oregon businesses.
While NEXT ranks fourth for affordability in Oregon, its pricing reflects its premium service quality. The company offers specialized coverage options with varying costs, though its business owner's policies tend to be priced above market average. Small businesses should weigh these higher costs against the convenience and service quality NEXT provides.
Data filtered by:BOPAccountants$25 $298 3 NEXT earns Oregon's highest customer experience score at 4.7, particularly excelling in digital services with a perfect 4.8 rating for online tools. Its mobile app allows instant certificate generation and 24/7 access to insurance documents. However, Trustpilot reviews indicate some challenges with claim processing and reaching human support representatives when needed.
Overall Customer Score 4.45 1 Claims Process 3.90 4 Customer Service 4.20 4 Digital Experience 4.80 1 Overall Satisfaction 4.40 2 Policy Management 4.30 1 Recommend to Others 4.80 1 Renewal Likelihood 4.60 1 NEXT offers comprehensive coverage options for Oregon businesses, ranking second statewide for coverage breadth. Its policies include standard protections like general and professional liability, plus specialized options for specific industries. Its digital platform makes it easy to adjust coverage as needed, though some specialized policies may have state-specific limitations.

The Hartford
Best for Affordability
Average Monthly Cost of General Liability Insurance
$76This rate is for small businesses with two employees across 79 major industries or business types and focus solely on general liability policies.Average Monthly Cost of Workers' Comp Insurance
$64This rate is for small businesses with two employees across 79 major industries or business types and focus solely on workers' comp policies.Our Survey: Claims Process
4.5/5The Hartford ranks #1 nationally for claims process satisfactionOur Survey: Likely to Be Recommended to Others
4.5/5The Hartford ranks #2 nationally for customer recommendations
- pros
Ranks first in Oregon for affordability, with competitive rates for business coverage
Demonstrates exceptional financial stability, ranking first in the state
Offers excellent customer service with quick claim response times and helpful support
consCoverage options are more limited compared to top competitors
Online platform could be more user-friendly for policy management
The Hartford ranks second overall among Oregon business insurance providers with a 4.61 overall score. Established in 1810, it demonstrates exceptional financial stability with an A+ AM Best rating and leads in affordability rankings. The company particularly suits cost-conscious business owners who value established reliability over cutting-edge digital features.
As Oregon's most affordable major insurer, The Hartford leads with competitive rates across all coverage types. Its strongest pricing advantage appears in general liability coverage, while its workers' compensation rates trend slightly higher but remain competitive. The company's consistent pricing strategy appeals to budget-conscious small business owners.
Data filtered by:BOPAccountants$21 $256 2 The Hartford achieves a 4.55 customer service score, ranking second nationally. It excels in claims processing (ranked #1) and customer service (ranked #1). However, its digital experience ranks 10th nationally, suggesting room for improvement in online tools and services. Customer feedback indicates strong performance in claims handling but mixed experiences with billing and policy management.
Overall Customer Score 4.38 2 Claims Process 4.50 1 Customer Service 4.70 1 Digital Experience 3.80 10 Overall Satisfaction 4.50 1 Policy Management 4.20 4 Recommend to Others 4.50 2 Renewal Likelihood 4.40 2 The Hartford offers comprehensive coverage options, ranking third in Oregon for coverage breadth. Its business owner's policies (BOPs) integrate multiple coverage types, including general liability and property protection. While it serves over 60 industries, certain specialized products have state-specific restrictions, which business owners should verify for their location.

Simply Business
Best for Coverage Availability
Average Monthly Cost of General Liability Insurance
$89This rate is for small businesses with two employees across 79 major industries or business types and focus solely on general liability policies.Average Monthly Cost of Workers' Comp Insurance
$67This rate is for small businesses with two employees across 79 major industries or business types and focus solely on workers' comp policies.Our Research: Policy Management
3.7/5Our Survey: Likely to Be Recommended to Others
4.2/5
- pros
Ranks first in Oregon for coverage options, offering extensive policy customization
Provides an easy-to-use online marketplace to compare multiple insurance quotes
Specializes in small business coverage with straightforward policy explanations
consCustomer service rankings fall in the middle of the pack
Financial stability metrics lag behind industry leaders
Simply Business ranks third overall for business insurance in Oregon with a score of 4.49 out of 5. As a digital insurance marketplace rather than a direct insurer, it connects Oregon business owners with multiple carriers through a streamlined online platform. Its broker model focuses on efficiency, typically delivering quotes from multiple insurers within 10 minutes.
Simply Business maintains competitive rates in Oregon through its multi-carrier approach. While specific premiums vary by carrier and business type, its marketplace model allows for price comparison across multiple insurers. Its elimination of traditional agent commissions can result in cost savings, though final rates depend on individual business factors and chosen carrier.
Data filtered by:BOPAccountants$20 $244 1 Simply Business achieved a customer experience score of 4.15 out of 5 in Oregon, ranking fifth for customer service. Its digital experience stands out with a national ranking of third, reflecting strong performance in online quote processing and policy management. However, ongoing support and claims handling vary by carrier, as Simply Business primarily facilitates the initial purchase process.
Overall Customer Score 4.14 7 Claims Process 3.70 8 Customer Service 4.00 6 Digital Experience 4.50 3 Overall Satisfaction 4.10 7 Policy Management 4.10 7 Recommend to Others 4.20 8 Renewal Likelihood 4.10 7 Simply Business leads Oregon providers in coverage breadth with a score of 4.9 out of 5. Its marketplace includes policies from major carriers like Travelers and CNA, offering everything from basic liability coverage to specialized industry-specific policies. This multi-carrier approach allows Oregon businesses to compare coverage options through a single platform.
Cheapest Business Insurance Companies in Oregon
The Hartford provides Oregon's most affordable business insurance at $78 monthly ($933 annually), while Thimble and Simply Business follow with rates of $87 and $90 per month. Check the table below to compare rates from all available providers across the state.
| The Hartford | $78 | $933 |
| Thimble | $87 | $1,045 |
| Simply Business | $90 | $1,081 |
| Progressive Commercial | $92 | $1,101 |
| NEXT | $93 | $1,113 |
| Coverdash | $94 | $1,125 |
| Nationwide | $95 | $1,135 |
| biBERK | $97 | $1,164 |
| Hiscox | $100 | $1,205 |
| Chubb | $109 | $1,314 |
How Did We Determine These Rates?
These rates are for small businesses with two employees across 79 major industries or business types and focus on four coverage types: general liability, professional liability/E&O, workers' comp and business owner's policy. Survey results reflect limited sample data and may not represent all available rates in your area.
Cheapest General Liability Insurance Companies in Oregon
Oregon business owners can find the cheapest general liability coverage through The Hartford at $76 monthly. Simply Business offers the second-lowest rate at $89 per month. Compare each provider's general liability insurance rates in the table below.
| The Hartford | $76 | $910 |
| Simply Business | $89 | $1,067 |
| Nationwide | $90 | $1,080 |
| Progressive Commercial | $93 | $1,114 |
| NEXT | $96 | $1,148 |
| Coverdash | $96 | $1,152 |
| Thimble | $100 | $1,196 |
| Hiscox | $106 | $1,273 |
| biBERK | $106 | $1,274 |
| Chubb | $110 | $1,324 |
How Did We Determine These Rates?
These rates are for small businesses with two employees across 79 major industries or business types and focus solely on general liability policies. Survey results reflect limited sample data and may not represent all available rates in your area.
Cheapest Professional Liability Insurance Companies in Oregon
The Hartford offers the lowest-cost professional liability insurance (E&O) at $66 monthly ($796 annually). NEXT provides another budget-friendly option for Oregon businesses.
| The Hartford | $66 | $796 |
| NEXT | $67 | $806 |
| Progressive Commercial | $70 | $836 |
| Thimble | $70 | $846 |
| Simply Business | $71 | $850 |
| Coverdash | $72 | $867 |
| Hiscox | $72 | $869 |
| biBERK | $74 | $883 |
| Nationwide | $76 | $915 |
| Chubb | $82 | $985 |
How Did We Determine These Rates?
These rates are for small businesses with two employees across 79 major industries or business types and focus solely on professional liability/errors and omissions policies. Survey results reflect limited sample data and may not represent all available rates in your area.
Cheapest Workers’ Comp Insurance Companies in Oregon
NEXT offers Oregon's cheapest workers' comp coverage at $64 monthly ($770 annually). The Hartford and Thimble also provide competitive rates, making these solid choices for affordable business insurance in the state.
| NEXT | $64 | $770 |
| The Hartford | $64 | $774 |
| Thimble | $65 | $784 |
| Progressive Commercial | $65 | $786 |
| Hiscox | $66 | $794 |
| Simply Business | $67 | $800 |
| Coverdash | $68 | $810 |
| biBERK | $70 | $837 |
| Nationwide | $75 | $902 |
| Chubb | $79 | $944 |
How Did We Determine These Rates?
These rates are for small businesses with two employees across 79 major industries or business types and focus solely on workers’ comp policies. Survey results reflect limited sample data and may not represent all available rates in your area.
Cheapest BOP Insurance Companies in Oregon
The Hartford offers the cheapest BOP rates in Oregon at $104 per month ($1,253 annually). Business owners can also find affordable BOP insurance through Thimble, Simply Business and Nationwide.
| The Hartford | $104 | $1,253 |
| Thimble | $113 | $1,352 |
| Simply Business | $134 | $1,605 |
| Nationwide | $137 | $1,641 |
| biBERK | $139 | $1,662 |
| Progressive Commercial | $139 | $1,668 |
| Coverdash | $139 | $1,672 |
| NEXT | $144 | $1,730 |
| Hiscox | $157 | $1,883 |
| Chubb | $167 | $2,002 |
How Did We Determine These Rates?
These rates are for small businesses with two employees across 79 major industries or business types and focus solely on BOP policies. Survey results reflect limited sample data and may not represent all available rates in your area.
How Much Does Business Insurance Cost in Oregon?
Business insurance in Oregon costs between $68 and $137 monthly, with workers' compensation being the most affordable and business owner's policies the most expensive. Rates vary based on the coverage type your business needs.
| BOP | $137 |
| General Liability | $96 |
| Professional Liability (E&O) | $72 |
| Workers Comp | $68 |
How Did We Determine These Rates?
These rates are for small businesses with two employees across 79 major industries or business types and focus on four coverage types: general liability, professional liability/E&O, workers' comp and business owner's policy. Survey results reflect limited sample data and may not represent all available rates in your area.
Cost of Business Insurance by Industry and Coverage
Business insurance costs in Oregon vary widely based on industry and coverage types. Speech therapists pay just $6 monthly for workers' compensation, while pressure washing businesses spend up to $1,270 for a business owner's policy.
| Accountants | Business Owners Policy | $31 |
How Did We Determine These Rates?
These rates are for small businesses with two employees across 79 major industries or business types and focus on four coverage types: general liability, professional liability/E&O, workers' comp and business owner's policy. Survey results reflect limited sample data and may not represent all available rates in your area.
What Factors Influence My Costs?
Want to know why your premiums are so high? We listed several factors that impact your premiums:
Your business type directly affects your insurance rates. A construction company in Oregon pays substantially more than a consulting firm because construction sites have higher accident rates. For example, an Oregon construction contractor often pays $500 or more monthly, while a business consultant might pay $50 for similar coverage levels.
Your location in Oregon affects your insurance costs. Businesses in wildfire-prone areas face higher rates than those in urban Portland. While Oregon experiences fewer natural disasters than many states, insurers consider local risks like winter storms, flooding, and wildfires when setting rates.
Your employee count and revenue directly impact your insurance costs. Workers' compensation rates are calculated per $100 of payroll, while general liability costs reflect your annual revenue and customer volume. A Portland retail store with 20 employees pays more than a solo freelancer working from home.
Your claims record affects rates across all coverage types. Filing multiple claims can increase your premiums by 20% or more. Insurance companies look back three to five years at your claims history when setting rates, so maintaining a clean record helps secure better pricing.
Your choice of coverage types and limits shapes your premium costs. Higher coverage limits increase rates, but bundling options like a Business Owner's Policy can reduce overall costs by combining property and liability coverage. Choosing higher deductibles typically lowers your monthly payments.
New Oregon businesses pay higher premiums because insurers lack data to evaluate their risk level. Operating for three or more years with few or no claims typically leads to lower rates as you build a track record of safe business practices.
Safety certifications and professional licenses can reduce your insurance costs. Oregon businesses with OSHA safety training often qualify for premium discounts. Industry-specific certifications show insurers you follow best practices, which can lead to better rates.
Oregon Business Insurance Buying Guide
Running a business takes significant focus and energy. Getting business insurance might feel like one more task on your endless to-do list. Our straightforward guide breaks down Oregon insurance requirements into clear, manageable steps so you can make informed choices and get back to growing your business.
What Coverage Is Required?
We've researched all Oregon business insurance requirements to save you time. Check the section below for a complete breakdown of what coverage your business needs.
Oregon requires workers' compensation insurance for most businesses, with one of the strictest enforcement systems in the country. You must carry workers' comp if you have one or more employees, including part-time and seasonal workers. Oregon has strict rules: corporate officers and LLC members who work in the business are automatically covered and cannot opt out unless they meet specific criteria. Even sole proprietors in construction and certain other industries must carry coverage. The state conducts regular audits and imposes significant penalties for non-compliance, including stop-work orders.
Small businesses that own vehicles or require employees to drive for work need commercial auto insurance. Oregon requires all vehicles to carry at least $25,000 per person and $50,000 per accident for bodily injury, plus $20,000 for property damage. You'll also need personal injury protection coverage of at least $15,000, which covers medical expenses regardless of fault.
Oregon requires unemployment insurance for businesses that pay wages of $1,000 or more in any quarter or employ one or more workers for 18 weeks during a calendar year. You must register with the Oregon Employment Department and pay quarterly contributions. The state has a lower threshold than many others, making it easier to trigger coverage requirements.
If you hold a professional license in Oregon for medical, legal, architectural or engineering work, you'll need professional liability insurance. Health care providers must carry malpractice coverage with minimum amounts that vary by specialty, while other professionals should check with their licensing boards for specific requirements.
If you hold a contractor license in Oregon, you'll need to carry liability insurance and post a surety bond. General contractors must carry at least $500,000 in liability coverage and post bonds ranging from $15,000 to $75,000 depending on their license classification. Specialty contractors have varying requirements based on their trade. This protects customers if you don't complete work as promised or follow licensing rules.
Oregon requires paid family and medical leave insurance through payroll deductions from employees starting in 2023. This coverage provides partial wage replacement for workers who need time off for family or medical reasons. Employers must participate in the state program unless they provide equivalent private coverage that meets or exceeds state benefits.
What Coverage Do We Recommend?
Oregon keeps business insurance requirements minimal, but smart coverage choices protect your company's future. Here's our expert analysis of recommended coverage for the state's leading industries:
Manufacturing | General liability, product liability, workers' compensation, commercial property, business interruption, tech manufacturing coverage, wildfire coverage, earthquake coverage, environmental liability | Oregon manufacturers in semiconductors, wood products and food processing face wildfire evacuation requirements, earthquake damage and environmental compliance. Tech manufacturing requires clean room contamination coverage and precision equipment protection from seismic activity. |
Tech/IT | Professional liability (E&O), cyber liability, general liability, commercial property, intellectual property insurance, directors & officers (D&O), wildfire coverage, earthquake coverage, power outage protection | Oregon tech companies in Portland's Silicon Forest face cyber attacks, intellectual property disputes and wildfire power outages affecting data centers. Earthquake risks can damage servers and infrastructure, while environmental regulations create compliance liability. |
Tree Service | General liability, workers' compensation, commercial auto, equipment coverage, wildfire prevention coverage, power line coverage, forest management coverage, defensible space liability, emergency response | Oregon tree services face increased demand for wildfire prevention and post-fire cleanup work. Forest management and defensible space clearing create specialized liability, while emergency tree removal during wildfire season involves power lines and evacuation zones. |
Construction/Contractor | General liability, workers' compensation, commercial auto, builder's risk, professional liability, wildfire coverage, earthquake coverage, environmental compliance, green building certification | Oregon construction faces wildfire evacuation requirements, earthquake building codes and strict environmental regulations. Green building construction requires specialized coverage for LEED certification compliance and sustainable material performance warranties. |
Food | General liability, product liability, commercial property, equipment breakdown, business interruption, contamination coverage, organic certification coverage, wildfire supply chain, craft beverage coverage | Oregon food processors handle organic products, craft beverages and agricultural goods with contamination risks and wildfire supply chain disruptions. Organic certification requires specialized coverage for contamination events that could decertify products. |
How to Get the Best Cheap Business Insurance in Oregon
Getting the right business insurance in the Beaver State can strain your budget and time. Here's how to find solid coverage while keeping costs manageable:
- 1Assess Your Actual Risks First
Evaluate real business risks rather than accepting blanket recommendations from insurance providers. A Portland food cart owner needs strong liability and equipment coverage, while a Salem-based web designer might focus on cyber liability and professional insurance.
- 2Get Quotes from Multiple Insurers
Insurance companies calculate risk differently, leading to significant price variations for the same coverage. Contact at least three providers to compare rates, as Oregon businesses often save 15% to 30% through thorough comparison shopping.
- 3Choose Providers Based on Service Quality
Investigate each insurer's financial strength ratings and claims processing reputation in Oregon. A Bend outdoor guide service needs an insurer familiar with adventure sports liability, while a Eugene restaurant requires quick response times for property damage claims.
- 4Maximize Every Discount
Combine compatible policies and maintain a strong safety record to reduce premiums. An Oregon retail store could bundle property and liability coverage while implementing security measures to qualify for additional savings.
- 5Review Coverage Annually
Business insurance needs evolve with company growth and market changes. A small Portland manufacturer that expanded operations found better rates by reviewing coverage as inventory levels and employee count increased.
Oregon Business Insurance: Bottom Line
Based on our analysis, NEXT, The Hartford and Simply Business are Oregon's best business insurance providers. However, what's ideal for you depends on your business risks and employee needs. Research each company's service quality, maximize discounts and select coverage that fits your budget.
Small Business Insurance in Oregon: FAQ
Small business owners in Oregon often search for clear answers about insurance coverage, so our research team compiled expert responses to common questions below.
What business insurance is required by law in Oregon?
Oregon requires workers' compensation if you have employees and commercial auto insurance with minimum limits of $25,000/$50,000/$20,000. Contractors need surety bonds, while general liability remains optional but commonly required by clients.
How much does business insurance cost in Oregon?
Business insurance in Oregon ranges from $68 to $137 monthly. Workers' compensation is the most economical at $68, while Business Owner's Policies run $137. Actual costs depend on your industry, business size and claims history.
Which company has the cheapest business insurance in Oregon?
The Hartford offers the lowest rates at $78 monthly in Oregon, with Thimble ($87) and Simply Business ($90) following behind. Compare multiple quotes as rates depend on your business's specific risks.
What business insurance do I need for my small business in Oregon?
Start with general liability coverage, which costs around $78 per month through The Hartford. Add workers' compensation for employees and commercial auto for company vehicles. Professional services need errors and omissions insurance, while retail stores should include property and inventory coverage.
What is the best business insurance company in Oregon?
NEXT leads Oregon's business insurance market with a MoneyGeek score of 4.62 out of 5.0. The Hartford and Simply Business round out the top choices.
Consider comparing multiple insurance providers to secure coverage that matches your business requirements.
How We Scored the Best Business Insurance Companies in Oregon
Small business owners in Oregon need reliable coverage that protects their operations without breaking their budgets. We designed our methodology to help Oregon entrepreneurs navigate challenges like wildfire risks and the state's workers' compensation laws.
We studied thousands of quotes from 79 industries across four coverage types for a two-employee firm with $300,000 annual revenue and $150,000 payroll. All policies included $1 million per occurrence and $2 million total per year, with BOPs adding $5,000 business property coverage.
- Affordability (50% of score): We compared rates across multiple carriers using consistent business profiles to identify insurers offering the best value for Oregon businesses.
- Customer experience (30% of score): Our analysis evaluated claims handling, customer support responsiveness and digital tools that make managing policies easier.
- Coverage options (15% of score): We assessed each insurer's range of coverage types, endorsements and industry-specific options for Oregon businesses.
- Financial strength (5% of score): We reviewed financial stability ratings from independent agencies to ensure recommended carriers can reliably pay claims.
This approach helps Oregon small business owners compare insurers on what matters most: affordable premiums, reliable service, adequate coverage and financial stability.
About Mark Fitzpatrick

Mark Fitzpatrick, a Licensed Property and Casualty Insurance Producer, is MoneyGeek's resident Personal Finance Expert. With over five years of experience analyzing the insurance market, he conducts original research and creates tailored content for all types of buyers. His insights have been featured in publications like CNBC, NBC News and Mashable.
Fitzpatrick holds a master’s degree in economics and international relations from Johns Hopkins University and a bachelor’s degree from Boston College. He's also a five-time Jeopardy champion!
He writes about economics and insurance, breaking down complex topics so people know what they're buying.
sources
- NEXT. "NEXT Empowers Agents with Enhanced Products, Cutting-Edge Digital Tools, Opening New Revenue Opportunities and Sparking Momentum in Small Business Insurance." Accessed August 22, 2025.
- Simply Business. "Simply Business Offers Insurance to Third-Party Sellers Through Amazon Insurance Accelerator." Accessed August 22, 2025.
- The Hartford. "Customer Claims Ratings and Reviews." Accessed August 22, 2025.
- Trustpilot. "NEXT." Accessed August 22, 2025.
- Trustpilot. "Simply Business US." Accessed August 22, 2025.
- Trustpilot. "The Hartford." Accessed August 22, 2025.

