MoneyGeek Analysis:

Safest Cities In America 2023: Violent Crime Rate Increases Drive Per Capita Cost of Crime

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Last Updated: 5/26/2023
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Despite progress overall, crime still impacts America’s communities. Crime and safety are intertwined with prosperity, income and economic opportunity. Crime is costly to individual victims, perpetrators, communities and society at large.

MoneyGeek’s annual analysis looks at the most recent crime statistics from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to estimate the cost of crime in 263 cities with populations greater than 100,000 across the United States. The analysis pairs reported crime statistics with academic research on the societal costs of different types of crimes to estimate the cost of crime for each city. Using these same methods, MoneyGeek also found the safest small cities in the U.S. in a separate analysis.

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DATA UPDATE

The FBI crime data has been restated for the city of Mobile, Alabama. MoneyGeek updated our analysis on May 25, 2023, to reflect changes in the data.

Key Findings:
  • The cost of crime per capita in U.S. cities was $1,836 in 2021, up 6%, or $100 per capita since 2020.

  • Naperville, Illinois, retained its No. 1 rank as the safest city overall ($156 per capita); St. Louis, Missouri, also kept its rank as the most dangerous city, with the highest per capita crime ($8,457).

  • Mass shootings represented 4% of the total cost of crime in 2021, but are up 33% compared to 2020. Boulder, Colorado, had the highest societal costs due to mass shootings ($108.6 million) in 2021.

The Safest (and Most Dangerous) Cities in America

MoneyGeek ranked 263 cities with populations over 100,000 people from most to least safe in this analysis. The following summaries show the safest cities overall, the safest large cities, and the most dangerous cities from the analysis and their total and per capita cost of crime. The full data set including the city's population, cost of crime and crime rates by type of crime are included at the end of this study.

There's an ongoing stereotype that larger cities are more dangerous. Based on our analysis, we found that stereotype to be true: 9 out of the 15 most dangerous cities were large cities, while no larger cities (population of 300,000 or more) made the overall safest list.

The 15 Safest Cities in America
City
Crime Cost per Capita

1.

Naperville, IL

$156

2.

Sunnyvale, CA

$156

3.

West Covina, CA

$181

4.

Carmel, IN

$205

5.

Glendale, AZ

$210

6.

Meridian, ID

$230

7.

Provo, UT

$245

8.

Joliet, IL

$247

9.

Jurupa Valley, CA

$253

10.

Sugar Land, TX

$260

11.

McAllen, TX

$268

12.

El Monte, CA

$277

13.

Rancho Cucamonga, CA

$283

14.

Glendale, CA

$299

15.

Pearland, TX

$302

15 Safest Large Cities
City
Crime Cost per Capita

1.

Honolulu, HI

$299

2.

Virginia Beach, VA

$450

3.

Henderson, NV

$663

4.

El Paso, TX

$737

5.

New York, NY

$852

6.

San Diego, CA

$797

7.

Mesa, AZ

$910

8.

Charlotte, NC

$1,073

9.

San Jose, CA

$871

10.

Boston, MA

$994

11.

Raleigh, NC

$980

12.

Arlington, TX

$1,060

13.

Santa Ana, CA

$1,234

14.

Omaha, NE

$1,249

15.

Austin, TX

$1,296

15 Most Dangerous Cities
City
Crime Cost per Capita

1.

St. Louis, MO

$8,457

2.

Birmingham, AL

$7,900

3.

Baltimore, MD

$7,230

4.

Memphis, TN

$7,184

5.

Detroit, MI

$6,780

6.

Cleveland, OH

$6,491

7.

New Orleans, LA

$6,444

8.

Shreveport, LA

$6,344

9.

Baton Rouge, LA

$5,739

10.

Little Rock, AR

$5,374

11.

Oakland, CA

$5,329

12.

Milwaukee, WI

$5,243

13.

Kansas City, MO

$4,884

14.

Philadelphia, PA

$4,755

15.

Richmond, VA

$4,585

Mass Shootings in American Cities Are Getting Worse

Mass shootings are a particular scourge on American life. According to Gun Violence Archive, which defines mass shootings as any single incident in which four or more people are shot, there were 648 mass shootings in 2022 and 241 as of May 24, 2023.

Mass shooting events are included in our safest and most dangerous cities rankings. Though they are relatively rare, MoneyGeek did not adjust our rankings for these events. The emotional impact of mass shootings is incalculable, traumatizing families and entire communities. To quantify the economic impact, MoneyGeek calculated the total cost of mass shootings in 2021 to be $8 billion — that’s about 4% of the total cost of crime in the 263 cities analyzed and a 33% increase in costs from 2020 to 2021.

Worst Cities for Mass Shootings in 2021
Location
Societal Cost

1.

Boulder, CO

$108,651,414

2.

San Jose, CA

$108,393,140

3.

Indianapolis, IN

$98,457,785

4.

Atlanta, GA

$86,843,649

5.

Colorado Springs, CO

$75,875,198

Safety and the Cost of Crime

The direct economic costs of crime to individuals and society include victim medical and mental health care needs, damage to and loss of property and police and corrections costs. Aside from the imminent danger of crime, people living in higher crime areas see depressed home values and pay higher prices for crucial needs, including home insurance, renters insurance and auto insurance.

To assess the safest cities, MoneyGeek analyzed crime data, including violent crimes such as murder, rape and aggravated assault and property crimes such as home burglary and motor vehicle theft. MoneyGeek calculated each city's cost of crime and ranked the cities based on the cost of crime per capita. Additionally, researchers have quantified how much more violent crimes cost a community than property crimes.

While perceptions of safety are vital, crime statistics do not capture any city or community's whole story.

"Behind all these averages that people like to cite about the crime rates in different communities are individual people and their decisions about how they choose to engage in their community," says Jesse Bruhn, Annenberg assistant professor of education and economics at Brown University who researches education issues and inner-city gang violence. "There's a lot more heterogeneity in these patterns that we just can't measure."

Despite genuine threats, Bruhn says, it may be surprising how safe people can feel in neighborhoods with high crime rates.

Expert Panel: The Impact of Crime on Communities

Though the relationship between crime rates and poverty levels is well established, experts caution against oversimplifying the relationship between socioeconomic indicators and real or perceived safety in communities.

"We live in an unequal society," said Geoffrey T. Dancy, associate professor of political science at Tulane University. "One often overlooked indicator of that inequality is who gets to engage in the politics of safety. Those who are objectively safe often fear crime and act on it in the counterproductive policies they support. Those who are actually victimized by crime and terrorized by gun violence pay the price and are rarely heard."

  1. How do you define safety in a city or community? Are there factors beyond crime rates?
  2. How does the correlation between crime rates and income factor in our assessment of the safety of communities? Should it?
  3. What role do social unrest, protests over structural racism, the Black Lives Matter movement or calls to defund police play into safety perceptions? How about in the actual safety of a city or community?
  4. How does crime impact a community's economic well-being? How about individual wealth?
  5. What programs, strategies or interventions have been shown to reduce crime or improve real or perceived safety in communities?
Tracy L. Tamborra, Ph.D.
Tracy L. Tamborra, Ph.D.

Professor at the Henry C. Lee College of Criminal Justice and Forensic Sciences at the University of New Haven

Megan Ranney
Megan Ranney

Emergency Physician and Researcher

Geoffrey T. Dancy
Geoffrey T. Dancy

Associate Professor of Political Science

Angela P. Christiana
Angela P. Christiana

Massachusetts Chapter Leader, Moms Demand Action for Gun Sense in America

Jesse Bruhn
Jesse Bruhn

Assistant Professor of Economics at Brown University

Leonard A. Sipes, Jr.
Leonard A. Sipes, Jr.

Owner of CrimeInAmerica.net

Methodology

To rank the safest cities in the United States, MoneyGeek started with standardized crime statistics reported to the FBI from 2021, the latest year of available data. The population of each city was added to the analysis to determine crime rates per 100,000 people, and this information was also accessed via data provided by the FBI.

When cities with more than 100,000 people or more did not have data available in the FBI dataset, MoneyGeek conducted individualized research on standardized crime statistics for each specific city. Please note that 2021 data was limited for cities in California, the District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York and Pennsylvania. MoneyGeek omitted any cities that did not report murder and rape.

MoneyGeek’s analysis includes 263 cities.

MoneyGeek relied on research by professors Kathryn McCollister and Michael French of the University of Miami and Hai Fang of the University of Colorado, Denver to determine the cost of crime to society. MoneyGeek then integrated their findings into the broader dataset to better understand the societal cost of crime within individual cities. Lastly, MoneyGeek used data provided via Wikipedia on the number and nature of mass shootings in the United States in 2021.

Full Data Set

The data points presented are defined as follows:

  • Crime Cost per Capita: Societal cost of crime per resident.
  • Violent Crime Rate: Composed of four offenses: murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, rape, robbery and aggravated assault, per 100,000 residents.
  • Property Crime Rate: Includes the offenses of burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft and arson per 100,000 residents.
  • Cost of Crime: Economic losses attributed to crime and its cost to society (individuals, community and nationally) in millions.
Rank
City
State
Crime Cost per Capita
Violent Crime Rate
Property Crime Rate
Cost of Crime

1

Naperville

IL

$156

42

461

$23,220

2

Sunnyvale

CA

$156

39

286

$23,793

3

West Covina

CA

$181

49

415

$19,417

4

Carmel

IN

$205

48

655

$21,177

5

Glendale

AZ

$210

62

135

$52,405

6

Meridian

ID

$230

171

727

$29,149

7

Provo

UT

$245

117

1,344

$28,601

8

Joliet

IL

$247

168

372

$37,139

9

Jurupa Valley

CA

$253

92

373

$27,024

10

Sugar Land

TX

$260

66

1,247

$30,945

11

McAllen

TX

$268

179

1,804

$38,907

12

El Monte

CA

$277

43

386

$29,601

13

Rancho Cucamonga

CA

$283

73

210

$49,517

14

Glendale

CA

$299

120

912

$57,458

15

Pearland

TX

$302

107

1,447

$38,371

16

Norwalk

CA

$328

90

322

$32,915

17

Surprise

AZ

$328

132

1,476

$47,858

18

Gilbert

AZ

$333

119

1,070

$90,849

19

Thousand Oaks

CA

$340

71

1,167

$42,766

20

Santa Clarita

CA

$359

156

1,095

$80,694

21

Frisco

TX

$372

95

901

$82,672

22

Cary

NC

$373

73

962

$66,370

23

Allen

TX

$388

105

913

$41,475

24

Sterling Heights

MI

$395

182

845

$52,073

25

New Braunfels

TX

$399

244

1,221

$40,073

26

Overland Park

KS

$401

236

2,171

$80,087

27

Arlington

VA

$405

238

1,429

$94,450

28

Alexandria

VA

$410

207

1,671

$65,835

29

McKinney

TX

$444

127

887

$96,693

30

Roseville

CA

$461

168

1,872

$69,968

31

Torrance

CA

$461

195

620

$66,225

32

League City

TX

$473

84

1,097

$52,602

33

Olathe

KS

$473

246

1,269

$67,749

34

Round Rock

TX

$474

138

1,733

$67,264

35

Bend

OR

$477

174

1,554

$50,023

36

Cambridge

MA

$480

306

1,942

$58,381

37

Burbank

CA

$483

208

2,514

$50,935

38

Lee's Summit

MO

$484

151

1,769

$49,614

39

Elk Grove

CA

$499

250

1,361

$89,335

40

Plano

TX

$506

157

1,633

$149,115

41

Carlsbad

CA

$509

201

1,742

$59,338

42

Fontana

CA

$521

269

1,227

$109,909

43

Honolulu

HI

$528

227

2,750

$520,468

44

Bellevue

WA

$532

124

3,463

$79,955

45

Rochester

MN

$546

294

1,941

$66,200

46

Virginia Beach

VA

$550

112

1,570

$248,493

47

Fremont

CA

$555

206

2,494

$126,310

48

Ann Arbor

MI

$567

288

1,440

$67,907

49

Carrollton

TX

$571

152

1,365

$80,871

50

Chandler

AZ

$580

188

1,702

$163,069

51

Concord

NC

$589

81

1,195

$59,298

52

Brownsville

TX

$611

394

1,815

$112,575

53

Chula Vista

CA

$614

316

1,208

$169,405

54

Scottsdale

AZ

$631

214

2,356

$155,204

55

Lewisville

TX

$643

279

1,798

$73,251

56

Fort Collins

CO

$644

302

2,055

$109,884

57

Manchester

NH

$644

452

2,291

$72,628

58

College Station

TX

$646

187

1,762

$78,864

59

Santa Clara

CA

$648

545

2,666

$82,402

60

Norman

OK

$669

312

2,924

$85,227

61

Escondido

CA

$670

362

1,757

$100,895

62

Boise

ID

$671

297

1,344

$155,720

63

Denton

TX

$698

278

2,042

$105,333

64

Yonkers

NY

$712

264

828

$142,686

65

Orange

CA

$722

129

697

$99,079

66

Richardson

TX

$743

148

2,036

$91,269

67

West Jordan

UT

$759

252

2,069

$89,495

68

Nampa

ID

$761

340

1,405

$80,335

69

Grand Prairie

TX

$775

221

1,747

$152,186

70

Stamford

CT

$783

200

1,327

$103,608

71

Clovis

CA

$786

211

1,967

$96,630

72

Oxnard

CA

$787

69

176

$158,885

73

Broken Arrow

OK

$799

157

1,908

$90,249

74

Henderson

NV

$805

229

1,650

$271,685

75

Arvada

CO

$806

279

3,449

$99,626

76

Peoria

AZ

$809

254

1,463

$157,374

77

El Cajon

CA

$824

511

1,812

$84,631

78

Sioux Falls

SD

$834

538

2,895

$159,698

79

Edinburg

TX

$836

342

2,182

$87,397

80

El Paso

TX

$837

248

1,247

$573,273

81

Aurora

IL

$840

398

1,100

$150,659

82

New York

NY

$863

310

241

$7,308,102

83

Des Moines

IA

$873

629

3,174

$186,058

84

Green Bay

WI

$879

468

1,569

$91,261

85

Laredo

TX

$887

301

1,188

$236,244

86

Centennial

CO

$890

174

1,919

$98,981

87

Jersey City

NJ

$891

104

822

$252,895

88

Madison

WI

$907

308

2,520

$241,418

89

Downey

CA

$918

305

2,246

$102,498

90

Costa Mesa

CA

$921

591

3,371

$101,968

91

Lowell

MA

$928

326

1,337

$104,139

92

Boulder

CO

$931

374

3,450

$101,177

93

Oceanside

CA

$937

440

1,908

$164,244

94

Eugene

OR

$945

408

3,702

$165,333

95

Berkeley

CA

$957

454

4,812

$112,146

96

Sandy Springs

GA

$959

187

1,470

$106,935

97

Hillsboro

OR

$962

242

2,004

$108,813

98

San Diego

CA

$963

377

1,837

$1,381,502

99

Lincoln

NE

$970

421

2,724

$284,996

100

Renton

WA

$989

317

4,321

$101,360

101

Worcester

MA

$995

643

1,898

$185,389

102

Everett

WA

$1,035

313

4,013

$117,408

103

Orem

UT

$1,045

176

1,640

$104,519

104

Chico

CA

$1,047

551

2,367

$107,136

105

Murfreesboro

TN

$1,057

404

2,240

$164,557

106

Thornton

CO

$1,067

304

3,284

$161,417

107

Tyler

TX

$1,068

435

2,549

$116,887

108

Mesa

AZ

$1,069

405

1,961

$549,096

109

Charlotte

NC

$1,073

18

0

$943,868

110

Warren

MI

$1,091

539

1,612

$144,788

111

San Angelo

TX

$1,097

334

2,554

$112,347

112

Athens-Clarke County

GA

$1,101

578

2,775

$140,279

113

San Jose

CA

$1,106

491

2,262

$1,087,913

114

Salem

OR

$1,118

457

3,598

$199,128

115

Boston

MA

$1,119

551

1,648

$788,361

116

Irving

TX

$1,119

334

2,440

$270,383

117

Elgin

IL

$1,135

406

778

$129,306

118

Pasadena

CA

$1,136

343

1,896

$154,206

119

Raleigh

NC

$1,149

464

2,137

$553,788

120

West Valley

UT

$1,159

543

3,098

$155,688

121

Clinton Township

MI

$1,160

352

1,215

$116,066

122

Columbia

MO

$1,252

493

2,491

$158,248

123

Cedar Rapids

IA

$1,254

345

2,711

$168,957

124

Arlington

TX

$1,264

564

2,556

$508,367

125

Abilene

TX

$1,308

478

2,065

$163,574

126

Pasadena

TX

$1,367

628

2,453

$204,266

127

Midland

TX

$1,404

393

1,490

$212,339

128

Santa Ana

CA

$1,416

473

1,517

$438,206

129

Garland

TX

$1,430

258

2,385

$339,559

130

Odessa

TX

$1,484

510

2,247

$190,420

131

Santa Maria

CA

$1,486

572

2,817

$163,076

132

Elizabeth

NJ

$1,502

480

2,219

$201,444

133

Omaha

NE

$1,503

581

3,272

$732,362

134

Waterbury

CT

$1,503

324

3,130

$160,064

135

Fargo

ND

$1,514

517

4,355

$192,713

136

Sparks

NV

$1,516

439

2,367

$164,614

137

Spokane Valley

WA

$1,521

292

3,815

$158,573

138

Fairfield

CA

$1,531

484

2,657

$183,323

139

Greeley

CO

$1,555

533

2,760

$172,049

140

Chesapeake

VA

$1,556

463

1,699

$387,834

141

Salinas

CA

$1,570

543

170

$255,660

142

Brockton

MA

$1,571

672

1,657

$157,941

143

Austin

TX

$1,577

491

3,343

$1,603,765

144

Lexington

KY

$1,583

288

2,718

$520,903

145

Reno

NV

$1,597

575

2,858

$419,926

146

Tallahassee

FL

$1,618

151

279

$319,002

147

Corpus Christi

TX

$1,619

847

3,148

$533,443

148

Concord

CA

$1,629

1,269

3,176

$202,137

149

Clarksville

TN

$1,648

573

2,140

$270,899

150

North Las Vegas

NV

$1,658

376

1,666

$439,124

151

Independence

MO

$1,664

577

3,751

$194,325

152

Colorado Springs

CO

$1,674

574

3,213

$818,012

153

Anchorage

AK

$1,680

1,616

1,862

$483,979

154

Spokane

WA

$1,723

651

4,785

$384,851

155

Seattle

WA

$1,743

745

5,102

$1,372,993

156

Mesquite

TX

$1,751

524

3,463

$241,307

157

Long Beach

CA

$1,783

570

2,110

$812,989

158

San Francisco

CA

$1,826

605

5,571

$1,488,252

159

Antioch

CA

$1,837

649

1,969

$210,879

160

Providence

RI

$1,840

401

2,525

$342,016

161

Charleston

SC

$1,850

436

2,238

$262,227

162

Billings

MT

$1,870

1,054

4,776

$206,249

163

Westminster

CO

$1,892

392

4,457

$219,383

164

Tempe

AZ

$1,895

619

4,533

$348,948

165

Grand Rapids

MI

$1,901

958

2,514

$382,577

166

Killeen

TX

$1,905

614

1,703

$298,522

167

Miami

FL

$1,912

615

3,045

$841,183

168

Wilmington

NC

$1,915

517

2,782

$242,745

169

Charlotte-Mecklenburg

NC

$1,938

782

3,139

$1,853,434

170

Lakewood

CO

$1,968

684

5,381

$312,899

171

Kent

WA

$1,994

397

5,019

$262,944

172

Los Angeles

CA

$1,996

793

1,609

$7,682,325

173

Davenport

IA

$2,017

657

3,580

$205,773

174

Wichita Falls

TX

$2,025

568

3,064

$213,601

175

San Antonio

TX

$2,047

683

3,814

$3,259,633

176

Fort Worth

TX

$2,051

559

2,621

$1,944,097

177

Vancouver

WA

$2,051

589

4,933

$386,000

178

Visalia

CA

$2,065

1,192

2,195

$295,238

179

Fort Wayne

IN

$2,065

256

2,242

$566,532

180

Sacramento

CA

$2,072

782

2,946

$1,088,005

181

Waco

TX

$2,073

721

3,336

$296,563

182

Amarillo

TX

$2,082

749

3,377

$417,500

183

St. Petersburg

FL

$2,085

630

2,556

$538,245

184

Gresham

OR

$2,089

453

2,950

$230,739

185

Springfield

IL

$2,105

838

3,814

$238,595

186

Orlando

FL

$2,130

818

3,875

$658,503

187

Pittsburgh

PA

$2,186

179

1,948

$656,796

188

Springfield

MA

$2,191

938

2,337

$337,592

189

Fresno

CA

$2,213

561

2,955

$1,205,059

190

Bridgeport

CT

$2,285

558

1,517

$327,710

191

Phoenix

AZ

$2,298

808

3,129

$3,733,989

192

Lubbock

TX

$2,316

1,062

3,669

$616,030

193

Oklahoma City

OK

$2,326

643

3,810

$1,560,238

194

Newport News

VA

$2,366

652

1,980

$422,745

195

Stockton

CA

$2,390

1,147

2,552

$770,016

196

Victorville

CA

$2,404

852

1,453

$326,885

197

Richmond

CA

$2,418

438

2,420

$279,621

198

Salt Lake City

UT

$2,421

969

6,841

$498,452

199

High Point

NC

$2,427

520

2,772

$277,846

200

St. Paul

MN

$2,434

780

4,028

$754,407

201

Aurora

CO

$2,455

1,006

3,880

$967,115

202

Portland

OR

$2,461

720

5,577

$1,635,055

203

Fort Lauderdale

FL

$2,577

591

4,170

$468,237

204

Hampton

VA

$2,597

283

2,547

$350,919

205

Tucson

AZ

$2,618

695

3,812

$1,422,235

206

Durham

NC

$2,635

740

3,313

$769,465

207

Evansville

IN

$2,643

733

3,616

$312,457

208

Dallas

TX

$2,691

825

3,421

$3,630,960

209

Wichita

KS

$2,719

965

5,209

$1,075,913

210

Newark

NJ

$2,736

490

1,457

$807,337

211

Winston-Salem

NC

$2,742

1,150

4,041

$685,570

212

Yuma

AZ

$2,754

465

1,917

$277,337

213

Rockford

IL

$2,779

1,534

2,481

$400,224

214

Greensboro

NC

$2,795

874

3,520

$841,041

215

Beaumont

TX

$2,809

1,059

3,315

$323,886

216

Columbia

SC

$2,845

730

4,186

$376,295

217

New Haven

CT

$2,874

621

3,258

$376,248

218

Denver

CO

$2,877

932

5,780

$2,129,506

219

Nashville

TN

$2,886

1,239

3,713

$1,999,027

220

Knoxville

TN

$2,968

829

4,041

$568,351

221

Tulsa

OK

$2,992

1,107

4,977

$1,209,647

222

Springfield

MO

$2,998

1,569

6,474

$506,582

223

Akron

OH

$3,015

834

3,309

$590,037

224

Tacoma

WA

$3,041

1,182

6,732

$675,849

225

Mobile

AL

$3,201

1,038

2,989

$777,514

226

South Fulton

GA

$3,214

937

2,002

$335,151

227

Fayetteville

NC

$3,293

955

2,857

$698,312

228

Columbus

OH

$3,356

588

3,230

$3,073,985

229

Chattanooga

TN

$3,411

1,365

5,861

$635,292

230

Houston

TX

$3,503

1,211

4,106

$8,194,359

231

Norfolk

VA

$3,561

739

3,199

$863,585

232

Hartford

CT

$3,569

478

2,153

$432,439

233

Dayton

OH

$3,619

1,035

3,609

$505,425

234

Lansing

MI

$3,723

1,491

2,471

$438,859

235

Toledo

OH

$3,753

1,077

2,808

$1,013,079

236

Buffalo

NY

$3,820

943

3,055

$969,571

237

Indianapolis

IN

$3,860

718

3,442

$3,458,043

238

Albuquerque

NM

$3,872

1,388

4,352

$2,184,357

239

Minneapolis

MN

$3,934

1,281

4,189

$1,724,946

240

Chicago

IL

$4,060

629

1,101

$10,950,096

241

Louisville Metro

KY

$4,105

981

3,310

$2,784,087

242

Louisville

KY

$4,162

867

3,773

$2,616,010

243

Washington, D.C.

$4,171

578

2,184

$2,973,240

244

Atlanta

GA

$4,215

884

3,674

$2,197,101

245

Cincinnati

OH

$4,218

812

3,285

$1,287,872

246

North Charleston

SC

$4,315

1,014

5,012

$522,382

247

Pueblo

CO

$4,396

1,253

5,691

$498,352

248

Las Vegas

NV

$4,470

1,240

6,662

$2,890,953

249

Richmond

VA

$4,585

374

2,736

$1,077,236

250

Philadelphia

PA

$4,755

953

1,302

$7,493,530

251

Kansas City

MO

$4,884

1,477

4,284

$2,446,767

252

Milwaukee

WI

$5,243

1,586

4,188

$3,110,836

253

Oakland

CA

$5,329

1,506

5,853

$2,311,749

254

Little Rock

AR

$5,374

2,063

5,364

$1,065,402

255

Baton Rouge

LA

$5,739

1,212

4,407

$1,251,508

256

Shreveport

LA

$6,344

915

1,557

$1,167,477

257

New Orleans

LA

$6,444

186

96

$2,429,287

258

Cleveland

OH

$6,491

1,665

3,752

$2,462,124

259

Detroit

MI

$6,780

2,154

3,356

$4,567,447

260

Memphis

TN

$7,184

2,431

5,279

$4,665,924

261

Baltimore

MD

$7,230

1,456

2,692

$4,168,292

262

Birmingham

AL

$7,900

1,683

3,964

$1,560,869

263

St. Louis

MO

$8,457

1,484

5,463

$2,499,385

About Deb Gordon


Deb Gordon headshot

Deb Gordon is the co-founder and CEO of Umbra Health Advocacy, and author of The Health Care Consumer’s Manifesto (Praeger 2020), a book about shopping for health care based on consumer research she conducted as a senior fellow in the Harvard Kennedy School’s Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government between 2017 and 2019. Her research and writing have been published in JAMA Network Open, the Harvard Business Review blog, USA Today, RealClear Politics, TheHill, and Managed Care Magazine.

Deb previously held executive roles in health insurance and health care technology services. Deb is an Aspen Institute Health Innovators Fellow and an Eisenhower Fellow, for which she traveled to Australia, New Zealand and Singapore to explore the role of consumers in high-performing health systems. She was a 2011 Boston Business Journal 40-under-40 honoree, and a volunteer in MIT’s Delta V start-up accelerator, the Fierce Healthcare Innovation Awards and in various mentorship programs.


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