Tackling Disparities in Finance for Black and African Americans

The struggle for Black Americans to build, secure and maintain wealth has been ongoing for centuries. Many financial barriers instituted during slavery did not immediately end after emancipation — they continue to impact Black and African Americans’ opportunities for creating wealth today, and these barriers only began to be confronted a few decades ago.

Until its abolishment in 1865, slavery legally prohibited Black people from earning wages. Following emancipation, laws continued to financially and socially marginalize Black Americans by curtailing their freedoms and denying them opportunities in implicit and explicit ways. For example, when it was first initiated in 1935, Social Security excluded farmers and domestic workers, of which roughly 65% were Black Americans. Prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Black Codes and Jim Crow laws — which legalized racial segregation in the South — detailed what work Black people could do, what they could earn and whether they could leave after being hired. Some states even restricted what property Black people could own.

Discriminatory policies were originally set out to ensure that white Americans could build more wealth than Black Americans. Despite the official end of these discriminatory policies and laws nearly 60 years ago, the systemic inequalities they sustained have been difficult to eliminate. These inequities pervade America’s labor, housing, education, health care and justice systems, and offer to explain why, on average, Black Americans have considerably less wealth than white Americans.

The chart below shows data from 1989 to 2019 on average household net worth by race and ethnicity, based from the most recent Survey of Consumer Finances. The chart underscores a trend of widening financial disparity between Black and White families over the years. While both groups have seen an increase in average net worth, the rate of growth for White families is noticeably steeper, standing at $952,910 per household in 2019. Meanwhile, the net worth for Black families in 2019 was $140,520. Despite economic growth benefiting both groups, the benefits are disproportionately skewed.

Several obstacles impact Black families trying to secure wealth and build financial wellness. Systemic inequalities that lead to lack of financial literacy, lower income and limited homeownership all interfere with this community reaching financial freedom and independence. But prepared with the right knowledge, you can build savings, survive income disruptions and create generational wealth.

Redlining was one of the earliest forms of institutionalized racism. It allowed lenders to offer increased rates to customers in certain neighborhoods based on their race. Although this was outlawed in 1968 by the Fair Housing Act, it can still occur today. A 2018 study by the National Community Reinvestment Coalition found three out of four neighborhoods that were redlined 80 years ago are still struggling economically. For example, some public policies claiming to support economic improvement, create new public spaces and fix urban blight actually sought to deprive Black communities of property ownership and affordable rental housing.

Between 2019 and the present, Black homeownership had a record low of 45.7% in the second quarter of 2023, according to the Census Bureau. By contrast, white homeownership was over 30% higher — and consistently remained 30% higher for every quarter between 2019 and 2023.

Employment discrimination and a lack of hiring opportunities make it difficult for Black families to overcome poverty or build wealth if they’re unemployed or stuck in low-wage jobs. A National Bureau of Economic Research study discovered that racial discrimination begins early in the job application process. Applicants with names often associated with the Black community are 9% less likely to hear back from employers, regardless of their qualifications. People of color who ask for a raise are less likely to receive one than white men who ask, reports PayScale. According to its “Raise Anatomy” study, women of color were 19% less likely to have received a raise than white men, and men of color were 25% less likely.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics started collecting data on unemployment rates in 1972. Since then, the Black unemployment rate has generally been twice as high as the white unemployment rate, as reported by the Center for American Progress. In the second quarter of 2023, the rate of unemployment for Black individuals was 5.4% versus 3% for white individuals. During the pandemic, however, the unemployment rate for Black Americans surged to 13.2%, compared with 7.9% for white Americans.

A financial advisor can help you navigate taxes, pay down debt and plan for savings. Advisors can provide advice and resources on how to best manage your money and make sure you align with your financial goals. According to the P-Fin Index, Black Americans lack financial knowledge in risk and investments, as well as in credit.

But many people don’t use a financial advisor. For many, the cost may be the factor, especially if they live on a low income.

Most financial experts would tell you emergency savings is a priority, and you’ll want to save at least three to six months of living expenses. But because African Americans have historically had less access to stable jobs, higher wages and retirement benefits at work, they have been less likely to accumulate savings and invest. The current tax code also provides increased tax incentives to families with higher incomes, which has been associated with both housing and retirement savings, according to the Center of American Progress.

Lack of wealth could translate into fewer opportunities for upward mobility, like pursuing an education and the ability to pay for it. Black families often rely heavily on student loans and risker student debt options to finance higher education.

Black students are likely to take on the most student loan debt, with an average student loan balance of $44,000. An analysis from the Center for American Progress in 2017 revealed that 12 years after enrolling in college, a typical African American student who attended college in the 2003 school year owed more than their original borrowed amount, and a staggering 49% defaulted on their loans. Borrowing money is not bad. It can be a good way to establish credit, and it’s a reasonable option when done responsibly. But it can become a challenge when borrowers cannot pay back their loans on time.

Saving for retirement is essential for financial security in one's later years. But for the average Black American, factors such as lower income levels, job instability and wage disparities often lead to irregular contributions and less available income for retirement savings. In fact, the majority of Black and Hispanic families have no savings in retirement accounts.

The TIAA Institute-GFLEC Personal Finance Index (P-Fin Index), a survey that measures financial literacy, revealed African Americans demonstrated a low level of financial literacy. The P-Fin Index showed that Black Americans only answered 38% of personal finance questions correctly compared with white Americans who answered 55% correctly. Black respondents scored highest in knowledge on borrowing and managing debt but scored lowest in comprehending risk and uncertainty, insuring, investing and go-to information sources.

The wealth gap between Black and white Americans may be partially due to educational opportunities in financial literacy. On average, college-educated African Americans answered 53% of the P-Fin Index questions correctly, compared with 24% among those with a high school degree or lower education level.

Although financial literacy alone cannot eradicate the wealth gap, it’s a crucial part of the solution. Here are some strategies and resources to facilitate your learning journey:

Many resources are available to help you achieve financial wellness, like programs that improve finance education and provide scholarships and mortgage financing assistance. These organizations can help you get on the path to success.

• Operation Hope: This nonprofit offers free programs and services to clients to help with youth financial literacy, homeownership, credit and money management.
• Black Cooperative Investment Fund: This 501(c)(3) provides microloans to the Black community through pooled funds and raises awareness about economic empowerment, equity and wealth-building for the Black community.
• AFCPE®: This is an organization of certified financial experts. It is a great source to find a financial counselor or coach who can help you navigate your finances. It also offers free virtual financial counseling and coaching sessions to individuals and families struggling financially because of COVID-19.

• Prosperity Now: This national nonprofit helps build financial security for families and communities with low income through research, solutions and supporting policies.
• The National Council of Negro Women: This assembly of national African American women’s organizations and community-based sections provides research, advocacy, services and programs on health, education and economic empowerment in the United States and throughout Africa.
• 100 Black Men of America: Through mentoring, education, health and wellness and economic empowerment, this organization focuses on building up young African American men.
• Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies: Founded in 1970, this nonprofit public policy organization works on ideas, research and policy solutions for people and communities of color.
• National Urban League: This civil rights organization focuses on economic empowerment in underserved urban communities and offers comprehensive house counseling, educational opportunities, job and workforce development and other services.
• The National Association of Black Accountants: This nonprofit association works to support opportunities for people of color who want to work in accounting, finance consulting and other related businesses.
• National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC): With over 200 chapters located in 40 states and 50 nations, this is one of the largest Black associations. It’s dedicated to economically empowering and sustaining African American communities.

• Black Women’s Blueprint: Their mobile “healing” units support a variety of needs for Black women, including maternity and infant needs, as well as assisting with rent and temporary housing.
• The Empowerment Program: This organization provides support groups and resources to help individuals overcome stressful life events, such as substance use and trauma, and provide ways to cope and recover.
• 2-1-1: In a number of communities, you can dial 2-1-1 on your phone and will have access to information regarding a variety of services and programs, including housing, employment and education opportunities in your local area.
• Modest Needs: This nonprofit provides short-term financial assistance to individuals and families with low incomes and who are in temporary crises.

• NCRC Housing Counseling Network: This HUD-approved network of housing counseling agencies has provided counseling to 40,000 households nationwide. Their services include pre-purchase counseling, homebuyer education, mortgage delinquency and default resolution, among many more services.
• Making Home Affordable: This government program provides access to HUD-approved housing counseling agencies, advice to avoid scams and social networks to stay connected on info and resources.
• USDA Home Loans: The U.S. Department of Agriculture provides home loans that help people who have low or medium incomes purchase houses in rural locations.