COVID-19 Employment Study
American Employment and the Pandemic: COVID-19 Cases and Job Recovery by State and Political Affiliation
The United States is still missing 5.3 million jobs lost at the start of the pandemic. MoneyGeek's analysis of jobs by state explores which have recovered the most and which are struggling to reach pre-pandemic jobs numbers.
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COVID-19 has led to stunning economic disruption. Through multiple waves of infection, including Delta variant driving the most recent surges in cases, some states have struggled to find public health measures that balance job growth with preserving public safety.
While many businesses have reopened since the early days of the pandemic, 5.3 million jobs are still missing. MoneyGeek analyzed employment and COVID-19 case data by state to find which states recovered the most jobs and what measures correlated with their success.
Summary Findings:
- Fourteen states have fully recovered jobs lost since the beginning of the pandemic and have jobs numbers higher than they did in February 2020. On average, the U.S. is 3% below pre-pandemic employment levels, with Hawaii and Nevada still missing 9% of jobs.
- Blue states grew jobs 37% faster than red states as of July 2021. When vaccines became widely available from April to July, blue states increased their jobs twice as quickly as red states.
- Due to the timing of jobs data releases, it’s too early to tell if removing expanded unemployment insurance drove job creation.
How Political Affiliation Affected COVID-19 Cases and Job Recovery
To understand how economic recovery and public health influenced each other in 2021, MoneyGeek analyzed the rate of COVID-19 cases and deaths and how they related to jobs recovered in every state. MoneyGeek divided states based on their political leaning to see if there were any meaningful differences in COVID-19 cases and deaths compared to job recovery. See the methodology section of this analysis for our criteria for determining red and blue states.
2021 Analysis: Blue States Had More Job Growth and Fewer Cases
MoneyGeek’s 2021 analysis found that blue states had a 37% faster job growth rate than red states from January 2021 to July 2021. Job growth between red and blue states was comparable until April when vaccines became more widely available. Since then, blue states have increased their jobs at double the rate of red states.
Red states had nearly three times the rate of COVID-19 cases per job added than blue states. For every job added to the economy, red states had 3.5 COVID-19 cases, while blue states had 1.3 cases.
As of July 2021, red and blue states recovered the same percentage of jobs lost since the April 2020 low. However, blue states lost more jobs than red states at the start of the pandemic, making it more difficult for them to recover jobs to pre-pandemic levels.
MoneyGeek also analyzed the number of new COVID-19 cases per job recovered for each individual state. The table below data shows our analysis for each state, as well as the state's political affiliation.
Based on our analysis, Ohio — a red state — had the highest number of COVID-19 cases per job recovered, while Maine — a blue state — had the lowest. Ohio also had the highest number of COVID-19 deaths per job gained.
Political Party, Jobs Recovered and Deaths per Job by State
State | Political Party
Voting History | Cases per
100 Jobs
Added (2021) | Deaths per
10,000 Jobs
Added (2021) | Job Growth
(2021) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Alabama | Red | 1,170 | 843 | 0.6% |
Alaska | Red | 235 | 80 | 3.0% |
Arizona | Red | 187 | 194 | 2.6% |
Arkansas | Red | 425 | 422 | 2.1% |
California | Blue | 82 | 41 | 4.5% |
Colorado | Blue | 311 | 185 | 1.8% |
Connecticut | Blue | 197 | 109 | 2.4% |
Delaware | Blue | 285 | 321 | 2.0% |
District Of Columbia | Blue | 68 | 50 | 4.5% |
Florida | Red | 224 | 153 | 5.6% |
Georgia | Red | 205 | 209 | 3.1% |
Hawaii | Blue | 227 | 82 | 2.0% |
Idaho | Red | 146 | 126 | 3.2% |
Illinois | Blue | 95 | 88 | 5.4% |
Indiana | Red | 475 | 351 | 1.0% |
Iowa | Red | 84 | 62 | 4.2% |
Kansas | Red | 197 | 182 | 2.2% |
Kentucky | Red | 334 | 173 | 2.0% |
Louisiana | Red | 359 | 307 | 3.4% |
Maine | Blue | 59 | 39 | 7.4% |
Maryland | Blue | 73 | 83 | 4.5% |
Massachusetts | Blue | 122 | 72 | 3.6% |
Michigan | Blue | 240 | 288 | 3.1% |
Minnesota | Blue | 126 | 81 | 4.0% |
Mississippi | Red | 507 | 416 | 2.0% |
Missouri | Red | 203 | 173 | 3.2% |
Montana | Red | 66 | 92 | 6.6% |
Nebraska | Red | 111 | 42 | 3.3% |
Nevada | Blue | 420 | 541 | 1.4% |
New Hampshire | Blue | 280 | 162 | 1.3% |
New Jersey | Blue | 180 | 159 | 3.4% |
New Mexico | Blue | 216 | 162 | 2.1% |
New York | Blue | 71 | 36 | 4.4% |
North Carolina | Red | 198 | 102 | 3.0% |
North Dakota | Red | 75 | 46 | 5.1% |
Ohio | Red | 1,430 | 1,493 | 0.3% |
Oklahoma | Red | 246 | 171 | 2.2% |
Oregon | Blue | 92 | 61 | 5.6% |
Pennsylvania | Blue | 158 | 150 | 3.4% |
Rhode Island | Blue | 223 | 94 | 2.7% |
South Carolina | Red | 135 | 92 | 5.4% |
South Dakota | Red | 74 | 59 | 4.6% |
Tennessee | Red | 308 | 188 | 2.2% |
Texas | Red | 222 | 158 | 2.6% |
Utah | Red | 179 | 107 | 2.7% |
Vermont | Blue | 69 | 23 | 4.8% |
Virginia | Blue | 94 | 85 | 4.1% |
Washington | Blue | 102 | 61 | 5.2% |
West Virginia | Red | 127 | 90 | 5.0% |
Wisconsin | Blue | 68 | 76 | 4.9% |
Wyoming | Red | 213 | 170 | 2.9% |
2020 Analysis: Blue and Red States Had Comparable Job Growth and Cases
In a July 2020 analysis, MoneyGeek found that red states recovered 35% more jobs than blue states — 65% compared to 48%. However, red-state recovery rates came at a higher cost to public health, with 99% more COVID-19 cases and 78% more deaths per recovered job than blue states.
When looking at data from April to December 2020, we found that jobs recovered for red and blue states were comparable (12% versus 11%, respectively). We also found that cases and deaths per job recovered were similar for blue and red states. Based on these findings, it seems that the red and blue states’ approaches to the pandemic didn’t yield meaningful differences in job growth and COVID-19 cases during the latter part of 2020.
Did Ending Extended Unemployment Benefits Grow Jobs Faster?
On May 4, 2021, Governor Gianforte of Montana announced the end of expanded unemployment benefits in the state, along with return-to-work bonuses for those going back to work. Since then, 25 other states have ended their extended unemployment benefits early. Initially, unemployment benefits were set to expire between June 12 and July 10. For the rest of the nation, extended unemployment benefits ended in September.
Our analysis of job growth shows limited support that the early end of extended unemployment impacted jobs numbers in July 2021.
The 21 states that ended extended unemployment benefits by June 30 grew jobs by 1.2% from May to July. States that didn't end extended unemployment until September increased jobs by 1.3% from June to July. Based on these results, there isn't enough evidence to indicate that one policy approach has been more successful than the other.
14 States Recovered Jobs to Pre-Pandemic Levels
MoneyGeek’s July 2021 analysis found that 14 states fully recovered to jobs levels above those in February of 2020, the month before the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. Led by South Dakota, these 14 states had lower initial job losses than many others, which may have contributed to their relatively quick recoveries.
States That Recovered the Most Jobs to Date
State | Jobs Recovered
(Low to Jul '21) | % of Lost Jobs
Recovered | Lost Jobs
(Feb '20 to Low) | Recovered
Jobs as %
of Feb '20 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
South Dakota | 44,166 | 186% | -23,753 | 9.9% |
Montana | 58,013 | 127% | -45,747 | 11.2% |
Idaho | 117,822 | 123% | -95,532 | 13.6% |
Utah | 180,167 | 121% | -148,842 | 11.3% |
Oregon | 317,669 | 120% | -263,675 | 15.6% |
Wisconsin | 455,687 | 119% | -382,185 | 15.4% |
South Carolina | 253,187 | 117% | -216,259 | 11.0% |
North Dakota | 26,332 | 111% | -23,636 | 6.7% |
Alaska | 35,784 | 108% | -33,131 | 10.8% |
Wyoming | 12,436 | 108% | -11,534 | 4.4% |
Oklahoma | 233,684 | 107% | -218,046 | 13.0% |
Kansas | 174,489 | 106% | -163,851 | 12.0% |
West Virginia | 119,654 | 104% | -114,516 | 15.8% |
Missouri | 374,580 | 102% | -368,117 | 12.6% |
Nebraska | 41,275 | 99% | -41,512 | 4.1% |
Maine | 82,548 | 99% | -83,178 | 12.3% |
Mississippi | 179,112 | 98% | -182,692 | 14.8% |
Tennessee | 529,381 | 97% | -545,507 | 16.5% |
Florida | 1,731,422 | 96% | -1,811,311 | 17.0% |
Arizona | 387,618 | 94% | -410,758 | 11.3% |
Indiana | 543,002 | 94% | -576,939 | 16.7% |
Georgia | 656,414 | 92% | -711,096 | 13.0% |
Washington | 454,759 | 92% | -493,114 | 11.9% |
Alabama | 251,682 | 92% | -275,029 | 11.6% |
Arkansas | 72,025 | 89% | -81,271 | 5.5% |
New Hampshire | 124,076 | 88% | -140,202 | 16.5% |
Delaware | 54,749 | 87% | -62,588 | 11.6% |
Massachusetts | 706,107 | 87% | -808,199 | 19.4% |
Michigan | 1,103,748 | 87% | -1,274,626 | 23.3% |
North Carolina | 770,400 | 86% | -891,318 | 15.6% |
Colorado | 404,830 | 86% | -472,937 | 13.2% |
Texas | 1,713,172 | 80% | -2,133,618 | 12.4% |
Minnesota | 220,933 | 79% | -279,948 | 7.4% |
Illinois | 883,751 | 78% | -1,127,748 | 14.4% |
Ohio | 760,599 | 77% | -989,925 | 13.6% |
New York | 1,315,587 | 75% | -1,757,121 | 14.4% |
Nevada | 371,832 | 74% | -505,150 | 23.9% |
Pennsylvania | 686,643 | 72% | -948,747 | 11.1% |
District of Columbia | 30,988 | 71% | -43,747 | 7.7% |
Rhode Island | 65,132 | 68% | -95,126 | 12.1% |
California | 2,151,624 | 68% | -3,162,419 | 11.5% |
Louisiana | 191,088 | 68% | -281,173 | 9.3% |
Kentucky | 170,160 | 67% | -252,348 | 8.6% |
New Mexico | 68,279 | 67% | -102,124 | 7.4% |
New Jersey | 448,974 | 64% | -704,975 | 10.2% |
Hawaii | 106,294 | 63% | -167,752 | 16.0% |
Iowa | 98,320 | 60% | -164,267 | 5.9% |
Connecticut | 162,562 | 56% | -290,406 | 8.9% |
Maryland | 214,277 | 56% | -383,621 | 6.7% |
Virginia | 251,996 | 55% | -461,621 | 5.8% |
Vermont | 18,473 | 48% | -38,107 | 5.5% |
Nevada and Hawaii Have the Most Jobs Still Missing
Despite continued job recovery since April 2020, the United States is still missing 5.3 million jobs lost since February 2020. Nevada and Hawaii — both heavily dependent on the leisure and hospitality industries — remain the least recovered states in the nation for employment.
States From Most to Least Jobs Lost as of July 2021
State | % Jobs Lost
(Feb '20 to Jul) | Jobs Lost
(Feb '20 to Jul) | Jul Jobs | Feb '20 Jobs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Hawaii | -9.3% | -61,458 | 602,621 | 664,079 |
Nevada | -8.6% | -133,318 | 1,420,588 | 1,553,906 |
Connecticut | -7.0% | -127,844 | 1,708,272 | 1,836,116 |
Vermont | -5.9% | -19,634 | 314,592 | 334,226 |
New Jersey | -5.8% | -256,001 | 4,158,656 | 4,414,657 |
Rhode Island | -5.6% | -29,994 | 508,387 | 538,381 |
California | -5.4% | -1,010,795 | 17,659,070 | 18,669,865 |
Maryland | -5.3% | -169,344 | 3,013,126 | 3,182,470 |
New York | -4.8% | -441,534 | 8,688,431 | 9,129,965 |
Virginia | -4.8% | -209,625 | 4,140,764 | 4,350,389 |
Louisiana | -4.4% | -90,085 | 1,957,757 | 2,047,842 |
Pennsylvania | -4.2% | -262,104 | 5,937,814 | 6,199,918 |
Kentucky | -4.1% | -82,188 | 1,900,637 | 1,982,825 |
Ohio | -4.1% | -229,326 | 5,360,766 | 5,590,092 |
Illinois | -4.0% | -243,997 | 5,878,070 | 6,122,067 |
Iowa | -3.9% | -65,947 | 1,614,650 | 1,680,597 |
New Mexico | -3.7% | -33,845 | 883,734 | 917,579 |
Michigan | -3.6% | -170,878 | 4,563,103 | 4,733,981 |
District of Columbia | -3.2% | -12,759 | 391,835 | 404,594 |
Texas | -3.1% | -420,446 | 13,340,757 | 13,761,203 |
Massachusetts | -2.8% | -102,092 | 3,538,849 | 3,640,941 |
North Carolina | -2.4% | -120,918 | 4,817,155 | 4,938,073 |
Colorado | -2.2% | -68,107 | 3,003,917 | 3,072,024 |
New Hampshire | -2.1% | -16,126 | 734,637 | 750,763 |
Minnesota | -2.0% | -59,015 | 2,946,645 | 3,005,660 |
Delaware | -1.7% | -7,839 | 465,367 | 473,206 |
Georgia | -1.1% | -54,682 | 5,004,211 | 5,058,893 |
Alabama | -1.1% | -23,347 | 2,151,139 | 2,174,486 |
Indiana | -1.0% | -33,937 | 3,212,272 | 3,246,209 |
Washington | -1.0% | -38,355 | 3,772,309 | 3,810,664 |
Florida | -0.8% | -79,889 | 10,100,431 | 10,180,320 |
Arkansas | -0.7% | -9,246 | 1,306,833 | 1,316,079 |
Arizona | -0.7% | -23,140 | 3,411,018 | 3,434,158 |
Tennessee | -0.5% | -16,126 | 3,197,749 | 3,213,875 |
Mississippi | -0.3% | -3,580 | 1,205,767 | 1,209,347 |
Maine | -0.1% | -630 | 668,041 | 668,671 |
Nebraska | 0.0% | -237 | 1,012,440 | 1,012,677 |
Missouri | 0.2% | 6,463 | 2,980,167 | 2,973,704 |
Wyoming | 0.3% | 902 | 283,827 | 282,925 |
West Virginia | 0.7% | 5,138 | 763,983 | 758,845 |
North Dakota | 0.7% | 2,696 | 396,475 | 393,779 |
Kansas | 0.7% | 10,638 | 1,466,121 | 1,455,483 |
Alaska | 0.8% | 2,653 | 334,832 | 332,179 |
Oklahoma | 0.9% | 15,638 | 1,808,803 | 1,793,165 |
South Carolina | 1.6% | 36,928 | 2,334,823 | 2,297,895 |
Utah | 2.0% | 31,325 | 1,627,831 | 1,596,506 |
Montana | 2.4% | 12,266 | 532,323 | 520,057 |
Wisconsin | 2.5% | 73,502 | 3,036,548 | 2,963,046 |
Idaho | 2.6% | 22,290 | 885,758 | 863,468 |
Oregon | 2.7% | 53,994 | 2,085,367 | 2,031,373 |
South Dakota | 4.6% | 20,413 | 466,472 | 446,059 |
Expert Insight on COVID-19 Employment Shifts
MoneyGeek reached out to nine experts to weigh in on employment shifts during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Read their insightful answers to the five questions below.
- What role has the fiscal stimulus had on job loss and recovery? What impact has it had on states, businesses and individuals?
- What else could government officials do to balance economic recovery with public health?
- Given the ripple effect that jobs gained or lost in one industry have on other industries, which sectors are you most interested in or concerned about?
- How would you expect state economies to change over time?
- Is there anything else you see in the state employment/unemployment data that offers insight into what may lie ahead?
Director, State and Local Enforcement Project, Harvard Labor and Worklife Program, and Senior Fellow, Economic Policy Institute
Director of Macroeconomic Policy, Washington Center for Equitable Growth and Former Section Chief in the Division of Consumer and Community Affairs at the Federal Reserve Board
Faculty Co-Director, Labor and Worklife Program, Harvard Law School; Co-Director, Harvard Center for Green Buildings and Cities; and Herbert Ascherman Professor of Economics, Harvard University
Founder & CEO of Arena
Senior Fellow, Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government, Harvard Kennedy School
Professor of the Practice of Economic Policy, Harvard Kennedy School
Professor of Public Policy and Economics, Haas Distinguished Chair in Economic Disparities, and Co-director, Berkeley Opportunity Lab, University of California Berkeley
Professor of Public Policy and Economics and Faculty Director, California Policy Lab, University of California, Berkeley
Marvin Bower Associate Professor
Methodology
The MoneyGeek data analysis team examined monthly employment data by state from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and COVID-19 cases and deaths from Johns Hopkins.
We identified the lowest monthly employment number since February 2020 and compared it to February's employment levels to calculate the total lost jobs due to COVID-19. The number of recovered jobs was calculated as the gain in jobs from the lowest employment month to the current month.
2021 Job Growth vs. COVID Cases and Deaths
The team analyzed monthly employment numbers nationally and by state. We identified the most consistent recent trend as showing jobs declining from Fall 2020 until January 2021. From there, we saw steady job growth through July 2021. Job growth percentage is calculated as the gain in jobs from January 2021 through July 2021, divided by the jobs in January 2021.
MoneyGeek identified the low point for new national COVID-19 cases after the 2020 Holidays as March 14, 2021. Data before this date was excluded from the analysis because of the lag in the impact from the spike in cases over the holiday period. Data after this date reflects the effect of both the vaccine rollout and — most recently — increases in cases and deaths due to the Delta variant. The growth rate of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths was assessed from March 14, 2021, through August 24, 2021 — the most recent date that case and death data was available at the time of analysis.
Data Definitions
Cases Per 100 Jobs: Reported COVID-19 cases (see methodology above) divided by Jobs Recovered multiplied by 100.
Deaths Per 10,000 Jobs: Reported COVID-19 related deaths (see COVID-19 data methodology above) divided by Jobs Recovered multiplied by 10,000.
Low Month: The state's month of lowest employment since February 2020.
Lost Jobs: The decline in jobs between February 2020 and either the Low Month or the most recent month for which there is data, depending on how it's used in that section.
Lost Jobs (%): Lost Jobs divided by the February 2020 jobs as reported by the BLS.
Jobs Recovered: The difference in jobs from the current period to the jobs in the Low Month.
Jobs Recovered (%): Jobs Recovered divided by the absolute value of Lost Jobs from February to the Low Month.
Political Party Voting History: Red and blue labels were used to define each state by the voting history in the past five presidential elections. States where the republican candidate won three out of the five elections were labeled as red, and states where the Democratic candidate won three out of the five elections were labeled as blue.
Recovered Jobs as % of February Jobs: Jobs Recovered divided by the February 2020 jobs as reported by the BLS. This measure is used to assess the impact of the recovered jobs.
Job Growth (2021 %): The increase in jobs from January 2021 to July 2021, divided by the January 2021 jobs as reported by the BLS.
About Deb Gordon
sources
- Bureau of Labor Statistics. "State unemployment rates, seasonally adjusted." Accessed August 27, 2020.
- Bureau of Labor Statistics. "Table 2. Civilian labor force and unemployment by state and selected area, not seasonally adjusted." Accessed August 27, 2020.
- CNBC. "26 states ended federal unemployment benefits early. Data suggests it’s not getting people back to work." Accessed September 5, 2021.